Are you interested in Cairo and Starknet but need help figuring out where to start? Have you been hearing about the new Rust-like Cairo syntax but have yet to have the chance to look into it?
Follow along, and by the end of this post, you will have written your first Starknet contract.
Our contract will be a very simple one. The contract will store a value and allow you to both get and change that value. Here is what it looks like in Solidity:
// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity ^0.8.13;
interface ICounter {
function getNumber() external view returns(uint64);
function setNumber(uint64 newNumber) external;
}
contract Counter is ICounter {
uint64 public number;
constructor() {
number = 1;
}
function setNumber(uint64 newNumber) public {
number = newNumber;
}
function getNumber() public view returns(uint64) {
return number;
}
}Let's see how we can write this smart contract in Cairo.
Setup
If you are familiar with Ethereum development, you are aware of Foundry. A Starknet Foundry is currently in active development, so we are going to install and use Scarb as a way to create and manage our project.
Scarb setup
Scarb is a tool that allows us to manage our project dependencies and provides a way to compile and run the tests. If you are familiar with Rust, scarb is similar to cargo.
You can install it how you prefer by following the docs.
After that, we can create a new project by running:
scarb new my_first_contractLet's cd into the new folder and get ready to write our first Starknet contract.
Starknet dependency
Since Cairo is a general-purpose language, we need to make a few changes to our project to access Starknet functionality.
Open the Scarb.toml file and add the following line:
[[target.starknet-contract]]This line tells the compiler that our package is a Starknet contract, and we want the compilation to target that.
We also need to add the Starknet package under the [dependencies] section:
starknet = ">=2.0.0"Modules
One final step is needed before we can start writing our contract. In lib.cairo, you'll find a function that calculates the Fibonacci number. We don't need it, so we can delete it and replace it with the following:
mod my_first_contract;What's this, and why it is needed? In short, Cairo uses a module system to handle code separation, like Rust, and lib.cairo is the root module where we can define all the modules of our package.
With this in place, we can create a file my_first_contract.cairo in the src/ folder and start writing our smart contract.
Writing the contract
Defining a Trait
A Trait is a way to define and enforce what specific functionality we need to implement. It specifies the signature of the functions we want to implement, and it's essential for developing in Cairo. There are many ways to use Traits, but this Trait will serve as a way to expose the public interface of our smart contract, similar to how an interface works in Solidity.
If this is your first time coming across traits, I recommend that you get familiar with the concept as traits feature heavily in Cairo. For now, you can assume a trait is the equivalent of an interface in Solidity.
Let's add this trait declaration at the top of our my_first_contract.cairo file:
// my_first_contract.cairo
#[starknet::interface]
trait IMyFirstContract<ContractState> {
fn get_value(self: @ContractState) -> u64;
fn set_value(ref self: ContractState, new_value: u64);
}We create a Trait using the trait keyword, followed by a name. Inside the block, we write only the signature of the functions we want to implement. Since this trait is going to serve as the contract interface, we annotate it with the #[starknet::interface] attribute.
Note: You might notice that the trait has a type ContractState, and the functions we define receive a self parameter. We will look at this in more detail later on when we are implementing the functions, but keep in mind that this is needed because we are accessing the smart contract storage in our functions. Also, we didn't need to realize the type here and could've used a generic T instead of ContractState.
Implementing
With the trait defined, it's finally time to create a module for our contract. We create new modules using the mod keyword, followed by the module's name. For now, we can use the same file, my_first_contract.cairo, but it is possible to separate modules into their own files, should the need arise.
Add this module declaration below the trait declaration:
// my_first_contract.cairo
#[starknet::contract]
mod MyFirstContract {
#[storage]
struct Storage {
value: u64
}
}Like with the Trait, we annotate the contract module with an attribute, #[starknet::contract], to indicate to the Cairo compiler this is a Starknet smart contract.
We also defined a struct named Storage that contains a value attribute. It has a #[storage] annotation, and the name is an essential part of how we define access to a smart contract storage space in Starknet.
Constructor
We are ready to start using value as every slot in storage is automatically initialized. Still, if we take a look at the Solidity contract, we see that the value attribute is initialized to 1 in the constructor. Let's see how we can do the same thing in Cairo.
Add the following, right after the Storage struct declaration, still inside the mod MyFirstContract block:
#[constructor]
fn constructor(ref self: ContractState) {
self.value.write(1)
}Once again, we annotate the constructor function with the #[constructor] attribute, and we also receive a reference, denoted by the ref keyword, to a self parameter of the ContractState type.
Every time we want to make a change to the contract storage, the function that does so needs to receive ref self: ContractState as the first parameter to indicate to the compiler that this function changes storage values. Doing so allows us to access storage variables directly using self and the variable's name.
Since our variable name is value, we can write to it by calling self.value.write with the value we want to store. We use the' read' function instead if we're going to read values from storage.
With a reference to the ContractState, we can both read and write to variables in storage. But, if we only want to read from storage, we can be more secure and use a snapshot.
A snapshot is a read-only reference to a variable. We can read the value, but we can't make any changes to it. The compiler enforces this so we can be sure that if we provide a snapshot to some function, there's no way it changes the value that it points to.
Trait implementation
Let's finally implement the get_value and set_value functions we defined in the trait.
A trait implementation consists of the impl keyword followed by the implementation name and the of keyword followed by the trait we are implementing.
We use super to reference modules defined outside of the current module. In this case, we are accessing the IMyFirstContract trait definition at the top of the file by using the super keyword.
Add the following implementation right below the constructor function:
#[external(v0)]
impl PublicFunctions of super::IMyFirstContract<ContractState> {
fn get_value(self: @ContractState) -> u64 {
self.value.read()
}
fn set_value(ref self: ContractState, new_value: u64) {
self.value.write(new_value)
}
}The set_value implementation body is essentially what we already did in the constructor. The only difference is instead of using a hardcoded value, we pass in a parameter.
The get_value function receives a ContractState snapshot, denoted by the @ symbol prepending the type. The implementation is also straightforward. We use the read function to obtain the value.
A quick note about function visibility in Cairo: By default, unless stated otherwise, all functions are internal. We use the [external(v0)] attribute to specify that a function can be called from the outside. We can use this attribute on a per-function basis, or as we did here, we can also say that all functions implemented by a specific trait implementation are external.
We should now be able to build our project and have a successful compilation.
Let's go back to the terminal and run scarb build. If everything goes as expected, we should see an output similar to this:
Compiling my_first_contract v0.1.0 (/Users/davidesilva/blog/my_first_contract/Scarb.toml)
Finished release target(s) in 1 secondConclusion
Putting everything together, this is how the full Starknet contract implementation should look like:
#[starknet::interface]
trait IMyFirstContract<ContractState> {
fn get_value(self: @ContractState) -> u64;
fn set_value(ref self: ContractState, new_value: u64);
}
#[starknet::contract]
mod MyFirstContract {
#[storage]
struct Storage {
value: u64
}
#[constructor]
fn constructor(ref self: ContractState) {
self.value.write(1)
}
#[external(v0)]
impl PublicFunctions of super::IMyFirstContract<ContractState> {
fn get_value(self: @ContractState) -> u64 {
self.value.read()
}
fn set_value(ref self: ContractState, new_value: u64) {
self.value.write(new_value)
}
}
}If we do a side-by-side comparison with the Solidity code, we can see that, while there are some apparent differences in the syntax, a Cairo contract is not that different from Solidity:
- A
traitis used in place of the Solidityinterface, but both serve the same goal of defining function signatures to be later implemented by the contract - Storage variables are set inside a
structnamedStorageinstead of being declared at the top of the contract, but this is simply a way to access a contract storage space - Functions are defined inside the trait implementation block, but this is similar to how, in Solidity, we say a contract is the implementation of an interface
This will help you take your first step into Starknet and contract development in Cairo. Feel free to poke around in the repo if you want to take a closer look at something or find me on Twitter if you had any doubts.
And if it sparked your interest and you want to learn more, I suggest you read through the Cairo Book and Starknet Book. These excellent resources go in-depth and will help you with your learning journey.